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Excel Common Formulas

Provides detailed explanations, syntax usage, and practical examples of common Excel formulas to help you quickly master Excel formula techniques.

Math
SUM
Math
Calculates the sum of a range of numbers
Syntax:
SUM(number1, [number2], ...)
Examples:
  • =SUM(A1:A10) - Sum values from A1 to A10
  • =SUM(1,2,3,4,5) - Sum numbers 1 to 5
  • =SUM(A1:A10, B1:B10) - Sum two ranges
AVERAGE
Math
Calculates the average of a range of numbers
Syntax:
AVERAGE(number1, [number2], ...)
Examples:
  • =AVERAGE(A1:A10) - Average values from A1 to A10
  • =AVERAGE(10,20,30) - Average of 10, 20, 30
  • =AVERAGE(A1:A5, B1:B5) - Average of two ranges
COUNT
Math
Counts the number of cells containing numbers
Syntax:
COUNT(value1, [value2], ...)
Examples:
  • =COUNT(A1:A10) - Count numbers in A1 to A10
  • =COUNT(A1,B1,C1) - Count numbers in three cells
  • =COUNT(A1:A10, B1:B10) - Count numbers in two ranges
MAX
Math
Returns the maximum value in a range
Syntax:
MAX(number1, [number2], ...)
Examples:
  • =MAX(A1:A10) - Maximum value in A1 to A10
  • =MAX(1,5,3,9,2) - Maximum of 1,5,3,9,2
  • =MAX(A1:A5, B1:B5) - Maximum of two ranges
MIN
Math
Returns the minimum value in a range
Syntax:
MIN(number1, [number2], ...)
Examples:
  • =MIN(A1:A10) - Minimum value in A1 to A10
  • =MIN(1,5,3,9,2) - Minimum of 1,5,3,9,2
  • =MIN(A1:A5, B1:B5) - Minimum of two ranges
ROUND
Math
Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places
Syntax:
ROUND(number, num_digits)
Examples:
  • =ROUND(3.14159, 2) - Returns 3.14
  • =ROUND(A1, 0) - Round A1 to whole number
  • =ROUND(123.456, -1) - Returns 120 (round to tens)
SUMIF
Math
Sums values in a range based on a condition
Syntax:
SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
Examples:
  • =SUMIF(A1:A10, ">100", B1:B10) - Sum B values where A > 100
  • =SUMIF(A1:A10, "Apple", B1:B10) - Sum B values where A = "Apple"
  • =SUMIF(A1:A10, ">0") - Sum A values greater than 0
Text
CONCATENATE
Text
Joins multiple text strings into one string
Syntax:
CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], ...)
Examples:
  • =CONCATENATE("Hello", " ", "World") - Returns "Hello World"
  • =CONCATENATE(A1, " ", B1) - Join A1 and B1 contents
  • =CONCATENATE("ID: ", A1, "-", B1) - Create formatted ID
LEFT
Text
Extracts characters from the left side of a text string
Syntax:
LEFT(text, [num_chars])
Examples:
  • =LEFT("Hello World", 5) - Returns "Hello"
  • =LEFT(A1, 3) - Extract first 3 characters from A1
  • =LEFT("ABC123", 3) - Returns "ABC"
RIGHT
Text
Extracts characters from the right side of a text string
Syntax:
RIGHT(text, [num_chars])
Examples:
  • =RIGHT("Hello World", 5) - Returns "World"
  • =RIGHT(A1, 4) - Extract last 4 characters from A1
  • =RIGHT("ABC123", 3) - Returns "123"
MID
Text
Extracts characters from a specified position in a text string
Syntax:
MID(text, start_num, num_chars)
Examples:
  • =MID("Hello World", 7, 5) - Returns "World"
  • =MID(A1, 2, 3) - Extract 3 characters starting from position 2 in A1
  • =MID("ABC123DEF", 4, 3) - Returns "123"
LEN
Text
Returns the number of characters in a text string
Syntax:
LEN(text)
Examples:
  • =LEN("Hello World") - Returns 11
  • =LEN(A1) - Returns length of text in A1
  • =LEN("ABC123") - Returns 6
UPPER
Text
Converts text to uppercase
Syntax:
UPPER(text)
Examples:
  • =UPPER("hello world") - Returns "HELLO WORLD"
  • =UPPER(A1) - Convert A1 content to uppercase
  • =UPPER("Excel") - Returns "EXCEL"
LOWER
Text
Converts text to lowercase
Syntax:
LOWER(text)
Examples:
  • =LOWER("HELLO WORLD") - Returns "hello world"
  • =LOWER(A1) - Convert A1 content to lowercase
  • =LOWER("Excel") - Returns "excel"
Date & Time
TODAY
Date & Time
Returns the current date
Syntax:
TODAY()
Examples:
  • =TODAY() - Returns current date
  • =TODAY()+7 - Returns date 7 days from now
  • =TODAY()-30 - Returns date 30 days ago
NOW
Date & Time
Returns the current date and time
Syntax:
NOW()
Examples:
  • =NOW() - Returns current date and time
  • =NOW()+1/24 - Returns time 1 hour from now
  • =NOW()-1/24/60 - Returns time 1 minute ago
DATE
Date & Time
Creates a date from year, month, and day
Syntax:
DATE(year, month, day)
Examples:
  • =DATE(2024, 1, 15) - Returns January 15, 2024
  • =DATE(A1, B1, C1) - Create date from A1, B1, C1 values
  • =DATE(2024, 12, 31) - Returns December 31, 2024
YEAR
Date & Time
Returns the year from a date
Syntax:
YEAR(serial_number)
Examples:
  • =YEAR(TODAY()) - Returns current year
  • =YEAR(A1) - Returns year from date in A1
  • =YEAR(DATE(2024,1,1)) - Returns 2024
MONTH
Date & Time
Returns the month from a date
Syntax:
MONTH(serial_number)
Examples:
  • =MONTH(TODAY()) - Returns current month
  • =MONTH(A1) - Returns month from date in A1
  • =MONTH(DATE(2024,12,25)) - Returns 12
DAY
Date & Time
Returns the day from a date
Syntax:
DAY(serial_number)
Examples:
  • =DAY(TODAY()) - Returns current day
  • =DAY(A1) - Returns day from date in A1
  • =DAY(DATE(2024,1,15)) - Returns 15
Logical
IF
Logical
Returns different values based on a condition
Syntax:
IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])
Examples:
  • =IF(A1>10, "High", "Low") - Returns "High" if A1>10, else "Low"
  • =IF(A1=B1, "Equal", "Not Equal") - Compare A1 and B1
  • =IF(A1>0, A1*2, 0) - Returns A1*2 if A1>0, else 0
AND
Logical
Checks if all conditions are true
Syntax:
AND(logical1, [logical2], ...)
Examples:
  • =AND(A1>10, B1<20) - Check if A1>10 AND B1<20
  • =AND(A1>0, A1<100) - Check if A1 is between 0 and 100
  • =AND(A1="Yes", B1="Yes") - Check if both A1 and B1 equal "Yes"
OR
Logical
Checks if any condition is true
Syntax:
OR(logical1, [logical2], ...)
Examples:
  • =OR(A1>10, B1>10) - Check if A1 OR B1 is greater than 10
  • =OR(A1="Yes", A1="Y") - Check if A1 equals "Yes" or "Y"
  • =OR(A1>0, B1>0) - Check if A1 OR B1 is greater than 0
NOT
Logical
Reverses a logical value
Syntax:
NOT(logical)
Examples:
  • =NOT(A1>10) - Returns TRUE if A1 is not greater than 10
  • =NOT(A1=B1) - Returns TRUE if A1 is not equal to B1
  • =NOT(TRUE) - Returns FALSE
Lookup
VLOOKUP
Lookup
Looks up a value in the first column of a table and returns a value from the same row
Syntax:
VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])
Examples:
  • =VLOOKUP("Apple", A1:B10, 2, FALSE) - Find "Apple" in A1:B10, return column 2
  • =VLOOKUP(A1, B1:D10, 3, TRUE) - Find A1 in B1:D10, return column 3
  • =VLOOKUP(100, A1:C10, 2, FALSE) - Find value 100
HLOOKUP
Lookup
Looks up a value in the first row of a table and returns a value from the same column
Syntax:
HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])
Examples:
  • =HLOOKUP("Product A", A1:D5, 3, FALSE) - Find "Product A" in A1:D5, return row 3
  • =HLOOKUP(A1, B1:D5, 2, TRUE) - Find A1 in B1:D5, return row 2
  • =HLOOKUP("Price", A1:D5, 4, FALSE) - Find "Price"
INDEX
Lookup
Returns a value from a table or array at a specified position
Syntax:
INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])
Examples:
  • =INDEX(A1:C10, 3, 2) - Returns value at row 3, column 2 in A1:C10
  • =INDEX(A1:A10, 5) - Returns value at row 5 in A1:A10
  • =INDEX(A1:C10, 2, 3) - Returns value at row 2, column 3
MATCH
Lookup
Finds the position of a value in an array
Syntax:
MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
Examples:
  • =MATCH("Apple", A1:A10, 0) - Find position of "Apple" in A1:A10
  • =MATCH(100, A1:A10, 1) - Find position of value <= 100 in A1:A10
  • =MATCH(A1, B1:B10, 0) - Find position of A1 value in B1:B10
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